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            <h1 style="display: none">study-万恶的化学常识</h1>
            
              <p class="note note-info">
                
                  本文最后更新于：1 年前
                
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            <div class="markdown-body" id="post-body">
              <h3 id="目录"><a href="#目录" class="headerlink" title="目录"></a>目录</h3><p>本文针对 ZJ<strong>选</strong>考-化学</p>
<p>本文使用<strong>LaTeX</strong>，遇到公式错误请<code>F5</code>刷新</p>
<p>对应教材为<strong>江苏凤凰教育出版社</strong>の<strong>《化学》</strong>(全册)</p>
<p>在min(我彻底复习完化学，化学选考)前大概会持续更新</p>
<p>目前已经完成：</p>
<ul>
<li>《化学1》</li>
</ul>
<p><del>在化学细碎的知识点中苦苦挣扎(TAT)</del><br><a id="more"></a></p>
<h3 id="概念-amp-性质也没啥故事"><a href="#概念-amp-性质也没啥故事" class="headerlink" title="概念&amp;性质也没啥故事"></a>概念&amp;性质也没啥故事</h3><ul>
<li>国际单位制&amp;七大物理量</li>
</ul>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>物理量</th>
<th>国际单位</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>长度($S$)</td>
<td>米($m$)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>质量($m$)</td>
<td>千克($kg$)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>时间($t$)</td>
<td>秒($s$)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>电流($I$)</td>
<td>安培($A$)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>物质的量($n$)</td>
<td>摩尔($mol$)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>热力学温度($T$)</td>
<td>开尔文($K$)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>发光强度($I$)</td>
<td>坎德拉($cd$)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li>气体溶解体积比对照表</li>
</ul>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>气体</th>
<th>溶解比($\frac{V_l}{V_g}$)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$\ce{CO2}$</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$\ce{Cl2}$</td>
<td>$\frac{1}{2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$\ce{SO2}$</td>
<td>$\frac{1}{40}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$\ce{HCl}$</td>
<td>$\frac{1}{500}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$\ce{NH3}$</td>
<td>$\frac{1}{700}$</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li>阿伏伽德罗常数($N_A\approx6.02・10^{23}$)：$0.012kg$的$^{12}C$中所含的原子数</li>
<li><strong>在国际单位制下</strong>摩尔质量($M$)在<strong>数值上</strong>等于物质的相对原子质量或相对分子质量</li>
<li><p>晶体有固定的熔点和规则的几何外形；非晶体没有固定的熔点，一般也不具备规则的几何外形</p>
</li>
<li><p>气体的摩尔体积[$V_m\approx 22.4L・mol^{-1},(273K,101kPa)$]</p>
</li>
<li><h4 id="分散系：分散质分散到分散剂中形成的混合体系"><a href="#分散系：分散质分散到分散剂中形成的混合体系" class="headerlink" title="分散系：分散质分散到分散剂中形成的混合体系"></a><strong>分散系</strong>：分散质分散到分散剂中形成的混合体系</h4><ul>
<li>溶液($d&lt;10^{-9}$)</li>
<li>胶体($10^{-9}&lt;d&lt;10^{-7}$)<ul>
<li>能通过滤纸不能通过<strong>半透膜</strong></li>
<li>丁达尔效应:光束通过胶体时在垂直于光线的方向看到光亮通路(用于鉴别)</li>
<li>吸附性(应用于净水)</li>
<li><strong>有色玻璃</strong>：胶态金属氧化物分散于玻璃中</li>
<li><strong>胶态磁流体治癌术</strong>：胶态磁性物质运送药物</li>
<li>火药、纳米材料制备、冶金工业选矿、石油原油脱水、塑料橡胶合成纤维制造</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>浊液($d&gt;10^{-7}$)<ul>
<li>悬浊液：固体分散质</li>
<li>乳浊液：液体分散质</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="电解质"><a href="#电解质" class="headerlink" title="电解质"></a><strong>电解质</strong></h4><ul>
<li>在<strong>水溶液</strong>中或<strong>熔融</strong>状态下<strong>能导电</strong>的<strong>化合物</strong>是电解质(首先得是化合物!!!)</li>
<li>无论在水溶液中还是在熔融状态下都以分子形式存在的化合物是非电解质</li>
<li>混合物、单质啥都不是</li>
<li>常见电解质：常见的酸、碱、盐、大部分金属氧化物</li>
<li>常见非电解质：非金属氧化物、葡萄糖、淀粉、油脂等有机化合物</li>
<li>强电解质：在水溶液中完全电离的电解质(强酸、强碱、大多数盐)</li>
<li>弱电解质：在水溶液中不完全电离的电解质(弱酸、弱碱)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>电离：电解质在水溶液或熔融状态下产生自由移动的离子的过程</li>
<li><p>核外电子排布规律</p>
</li>
<li><h4 id="原子核"><a href="#原子核" class="headerlink" title="原子核"></a>原子核</h4><ul>
<li>元素：<strong>质子数</strong>相同的一类原子</li>
<li>核素：<strong>质子数</strong>和<strong>中子数</strong>都相同的原子</li>
<li>同位素：<strong>同一元素</strong>中的<strong>不同核素</strong>互为同位素，即<strong>质子数</strong>相同但<strong>中子数</strong>不同的原子互为同位素<ul>
<li>同位素标记法</li>
<li>$^{14}C$可用于考古断代，其半衰期为5730年</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>对于核素$^A_ZX$，$A=$质量数，$Z=$质子数，$N=$中子数，存在$A=Z+N$</li>
<li>核外电子：离核近的电子能量低<ul>
<li>排布规律：$2n^2$</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>原子序数在<strong>数值上</strong>等于原子核电荷数</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="微粒间作用力"><a href="#微粒间作用力" class="headerlink" title="微粒间作用力"></a>微粒间作用力</h4><ul>
<li>离子键 静电作用 <strong>于化学性质有关</strong></li>
<li>共价键 共用电子对 <strong>于化学性质有关</strong></li>
<li>分子间作用力（不是化学键）<strong>与物理性质有关</strong><ul>
<li>范德华力 组成、结构相似的分子，分子量越大，分子间作用力越大</li>
<li><strong>氢键</strong> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="晶体类型"><a href="#晶体类型" class="headerlink" title="晶体类型"></a>晶体类型</h4><ul>
<li>离子晶体<ul>
<li>熔点沸点高</li>
<li>硬度大</li>
<li>$\ce{(s)}$不导电</li>
<li>$\ce{(aq)(l)}$导电</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>分子晶体<ul>
<li>熔点沸点低</li>
<li>硬度小</li>
<li>$\ce{(s)(l)}$不导电</li>
<li>部分$\ce{(aq)}$导电</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>原子晶体<ul>
<li>熔点沸点高</li>
<li>硬度大</li>
<li>$\ce{(s)(l)(aq)}$不导电</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>金属晶体<ul>
<li>通过金属阳离子和自由电子之间的较强作用形成的单质晶体（金属键）</li>
<li>有金属光泽</li>
<li>导电导热</li>
<li>有延展性</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>过渡型、混合型晶体<ul>
<li>石墨</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>热值：一定条件下$1\ce g$物质完全燃烧放出的热量</li>
<li>燃烧热：一定条件下$1 \ce{mol}$物质完全燃烧放出的热量</li>
<li>金属腐蚀<ul>
<li>化学腐蚀（慢）</li>
<li>电化学腐蚀（快）<ul>
<li>吸氧腐蚀（相对慢）</li>
<li>析氢腐蚀（相对快）</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="化学电池"><a href="#化学电池" class="headerlink" title="化学电池"></a>化学电池</h4>|名称|组成|反应|特点|<br>|-|-|-|-|<br>|锌锰干电池|$\ce{Zn}$ 碳棒 $\ce{MnO2}$ $\ce{ZnCl2}$ $\ce{NH4Cl}$|$\ce{Zn + 2NH4Cl + 2MnO2 = Zn(NH3)2Cl2 + 2MnO(OH)}$|1.5V，用途广泛|<br>|银锌纽扣电池|$\ce{Zn}$ $\ce{Ag2O}$ $\ce{KOH}$溶液|$\ce{Zn + Ag2O + H2O &lt;=&gt;[放电][充电] Zn(OH)2 + 2Ag}$|1.6V，放电稳定，电流大|<br>|铅蓄电池|$\ce{Pb}$ $\ce{PbO2}$ $\ce{H2SO4}$|$\ce{PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 &lt;=&gt;[充电][放电] 2PbSO4  + 2H2O}$|2.0V，用于机动车|<br>|镍氢电池|贮氢合金 泡沫氧化镍 $\ce{KOH}$|$\ce{NiO(OH) + MH &lt;=&gt;[充电][放电] NiO + M + H2O}$|1.2V,寿命长，比能量高，性能好|<br>|氢氧燃料电池|钯碳/氢气 铂碳/氧气 $\ce{KOH}$|$\ce{2H2 + O2 = 2H2O}$|航天飞机 牵引车|<br>|甲醇-空气燃料电池|钯碳/甲醇 铂-烧结镍/空气 $\ce{KOH}$|$\ce{2CH3OH + 3O2 + 4OH- = 2CO3^{2-} + 6H2O}$|能量转化效率高|</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="实验室里的故事"><a href="#实验室里的故事" class="headerlink" title="实验室里的故事"></a>实验室里的故事</h3><ul>
<li><p>坩埚</p>
<ul>
<li>配套使用：坩埚钳、泥三角、铁架台/三脚架</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="物质分离-amp-提纯"><a href="#物质分离-amp-提纯" class="headerlink" title="物质分离&amp;提纯"></a><strong>物质分离</strong>&amp;<strong>提纯</strong></h4><ul>
<li>过滤、抽滤、渗析、(重)结晶、萃取、分液、蒸馏、升华、层析、倾析</li>
<li><strong>过滤</strong>[固液分离]<ul>
<li>仪器：烧杯、漏斗、玻璃棒、滤纸、铁架台、铜制漏斗(用于趁热过滤)</li>
<li>注意点：一贴二低三靠</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>蒸发结晶</strong>&amp;<strong>冷却结晶</strong>[液质分离]<ul>
<li>仪器：酒精灯、蒸发皿、玻璃棒、铁架台、石棉网</li>
<li>注意点：蒸发至出现晶膜  </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>萃取</strong>[液质分离]<ul>
<li>仪器：分液漏斗、铁架台、烧杯</li>
<li>萃取剂选取原则：①与原溶剂不相溶；②萃取物在萃取剂中溶解度应大于在被萃取液中的溶解度</li>
<li>操作：加入萃取剂、倒转振荡并放气、静置、下下出，上上出、先下后上</li>
<li><strong>检漏</strong></li>
<li>碘萃取：上苯下水/上水下四氯化碳</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>分液</strong>[液液分离]<ul>
<li>仪器：分液漏斗、铁架台、烧杯</li>
<li><strong>检漏</strong></li>
<li>下下出，上上出、先下后上</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>蒸馏</strong>[液液分离]<ul>
<li>原理：液体沸点不同</li>
<li>仪器：(蒸馏/三颈)烧瓶、温度计、(球形/直形)冷凝管、牛角管、锥形瓶</li>
<li>注意点：先通冷凝水再加热、加热时加沸石防止暴沸、温度计液泡在蒸馏烧瓶支管口、冷凝液下进上出、牛角管和锥形瓶间不可以塞<strong>死</strong>、先停止加热再停止通冷凝水</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="物质性质检验"><a href="#物质性质检验" class="headerlink" title="物质性质检验"></a><strong>物质性质检验</strong></h4><ul>
<li>焰色反应<ul>
<li>试剂&amp;仪器：稀盐酸、铂丝(或无锈铁丝)、酒精喷灯</li>
<li>操作：洗、烧、蘸、烧</li>
<li>常见<del>(并不)</del>焰色</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>金属元素</th>
<th>Li</th>
<th>Ca</th>
<th>Na</th>
<th>Sr</th>
<th>K</th>
<th>Ba</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>焰色</td>
<td>紫红</td>
<td>砖红</td>
<td>黄</td>
<td>洋红</td>
<td>紫</td>
<td>黄绿</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><ul>
<li><del>核心科技</del>仪器检验<ul>
<li><strong>元素分析仪</strong>[烧]：检测<code>C</code> <code>H</code> <code>O</code> <code>N</code> <code>S</code> <code>Cl</code> <code>Br</code></li>
<li><strong>红外光谱仪</strong>[基团]：确定物质中是否存在某些有机原子团</li>
<li><strong>氢核磁共振波谱</strong>[氢峰]：确定等位氢原子种类、数量</li>
<li><strong>质谱法</strong>[式量]：确定有机物和有机基团的式量</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>铁离子检验<ul>
<li>$\ce{Fe^3+}$：用$\ce{KSCN}$，显血红色</li>
<li>$\ce{Fe^3+}$：用$\ce{K4Fe(CN)6・3H2O}$，生成普鲁士蓝</li>
<li>$\ce{Fe^2+}$:用$\ce{K3Fe(CN)6・3H2O}$，生成滕氏蓝</li>
<li>注：滕氏蓝和普鲁士蓝是同一种物质</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><h4 id="溶液配制"><a href="#溶液配制" class="headerlink" title="溶液配制"></a><strong>溶液配制</strong></h4><ul>
<li><strong>容量瓶的使用</strong><ul>
<li>作为器材答题时一定要表明规格！</li>
<li>常见规格：50mL、100mL、250mL、500mL</li>
<li>注意点：为确保精度用分析天平称量、使用前检漏、洗涤、摇匀、容量瓶不做溶液混合/反应容器、热溶液冷却后才能转移到容量瓶中、凹形液面最低处与刻度线对齐、配制完装瓶贴签</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="工业-amp-生活中的故事"><a href="#工业-amp-生活中的故事" class="headerlink" title="工业&amp;生活中的故事"></a>工业&amp;生活中的故事</h3><ul>
<li>聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、腈纶、有机玻璃、合成橡胶、聚四氟乙烯等是通过加聚反应得到的</li>
<li>全降解塑料由$\ce{CO2}$和环氧丙烷在催化剂作用下生成的高聚物</li>
<li>氯碱工业：$\ce{2NaCl + 2H2O \xlongequal{electrify} 2NaOH + H2 ^ + Cl2 ^}$</li>
<li>液氯可以存储在钢瓶中运输</li>
<li><p>漂白粉的主要成分为$\ce{Ca(ClO)2}$和$\ce{CaCl2}$，通过将氯气通入石灰乳制取</p>
<ul>
<li>漂白粉作用原理：$\ce{Ca(ClO)2 + CO2 + H2O\xlongequal{} CaCO3 +2HClO}$</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>$\ce{Cl2}$的用途：自来水消毒、农药生产、药物合成</li>
<li>$\ce{ClO2}$ [高效安全灭菌消毒剂]：刺激性气味黄绿色气体，沸点为11℃；用于杀菌消毒、环保、灭藻、漂白、保鲜、除臭</li>
<li>$\ce{Br}$ [熏蒸剂] [杀虫剂] [抗爆剂]</li>
<li>$\ce{I}$ [药用] [食品生产]</li>
<li>$\ce{AgBr}$ [感光材料] [胶卷成分]</li>
<li>$\ce{AgI}$ [人工降雨]</li>
<li>过氧化钠作供氧剂：$\ce{2Na2O2 + 2H2O \xlongequal{} 4NaOH + O2 ^}$，$\ce{2Na2O2 + 2CO2 \xlongequal{} 2Na2CO3 + O2}$</li>
<li>钠钾合金在常温下是液态，可用于<strong>快中子反应堆</strong>作热交换剂</li>
<li>高压钠灯透雾能力强，用于道路照明</li>
<li>纯碱在玻璃、肥皂、洗涤剂、造纸、纺织、石油、冶金、食品等工业中有广泛应用</li>
<li>碳酸氢钠是发酵粉的主要成分之一</li>
<li>侯德榜制碱法<ul>
<li>将$\ce{CO2}$通入氨的$\ce{NaCl}$饱和溶液中，使溶解度较小的$\ce{NaHCO3}$析出，受热分解得到纯碱</li>
<li>副产品$\ce{NH4Cl}$，可用于化肥</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>$\ce{Mg}$ [焰火] [信号弹] [镁光灯]</li>
<li>$\ce{MgO}$ [耐高温材料]</li>
<li>镁铝合金 [航空航天材料]：密度小，强度硬度大</li>
<li>浓硫酸、浓硝酸可以用铝制品盛放</li>
<li>铝热反应 [焊接轨道]</li>
<li>铝合金 [建材] [电子行业] [交通运输行业]：密度小、强度高、塑性好、工艺简单、成本低、抗腐蚀、装饰效果好</li>
<li>$\ce{Al2O3}$ [耐火材料]</li>
<li>铝制容器不易盛放酸、碱性溶液(除了浓硫酸、浓硝酸)</li>
<li>$\ce{Cl-}$会破坏$\ce{Al}$的氧化膜，故不宜盛放咸菜腌制食品</li>
<li>工业通过熔融氧化铝来制备铝单质，加入冰晶石($\ce{Na3AlF6}$)来降低氧化铝熔融温度</li>
<li><h4 id="金属冶炼"><a href="#金属冶炼" class="headerlink" title="金属冶炼"></a>金属冶炼</h4><ul>
<li>高炉炼铁<ul>
<li>$\ce{CaCO3\xlongequal{HT}AcO + CO2 ^}$</li>
<li>$\ce{CO2 + C\xlongequal{HT}2CO}$</li>
<li>$\ce{3CO + Fe2O3\xlongequal{HT}3CO2 + 2Fe}$</li>
<li>$\ce{CaO + SiO2 \xlongequal{HT} CaSiO3}$(生成炉渣)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>生铁 [含碳2%~4.5%]   熟铁[含碳0.03%~2%]</li>
<li>炼铜：生物炼铜 / 高温冶炼$\rightarrow$电解精炼 （处理阳极泥得到金、银等贵金属）</li>
<li>电解法制备的金属单质：<code>K</code> <code>Ca</code> <code>Na</code> <code>Mg</code> <code>Al</code></li>
<li>还原法制备的金属单质：<code>Zn</code> <code>Fe</code> <code>Sn</code> <code>Pb</code> <code>Cu</code></li>
<li>热分解法制备的金属单质：<code>Hg</code> <code>Ag</code></li>
<li>物理法得到的金属单质：<code>Pt</code> <code>Au</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>印刷电路板：$\ce{2Fe^3+ +Cu\xlongequal{}Cu^2+ + 2Fe^2+}$</li>
<li>硅酸盐产品：陶瓷、砖瓦、玻璃、水泥</li>
<li>三大硅酸盐材料：水泥、陶瓷、玻璃</li>
<li>硅酸盐的水溶液(水玻璃) 浸泡过的产品耐腐蚀不易着火</li>
<li>制水泥 [<strong>水泥回转窑</strong>]</li>
<li>制玻璃 [<strong>玻璃熔炉</strong>]</li>
<li>分子筛($\ce{Na2O・Al2O3・2SiO2・nH2O}$)：常用于分离、提纯气体或液体混合物，可作干燥剂、离子交换剂、催化剂或其载体等</li>
<li>$\ce{SiO2}$ [熔沸点高] [硬度大]：光学镜片、石英坩埚、光导纤维</li>
<li>我国是世界三大酸雨区之一</li>
<li>$\ce{SO2}$可用用于漂白纸浆草帽等编织物</li>
<li><h4 id="硫酸制备"><a href="#硫酸制备" class="headerlink" title="硫酸制备"></a>硫酸制备</h4><ul>
<li>沸腾炉：$\ce{S + O2 \xlongequal{HT}SO2}$，$\ce{4FeS2 + 11O2 \xlongequal{HT}2Fe2O3 +8SO2}$</li>
<li>接触室：$\ce{2SO2 +O2 &lt;=&gt;[cat] 2SO2 (\Delta H &lt; 0)}$</li>
<li>吸收塔：$\ce{SO3 + H2O \xlongequal{} H2SO4}$，淋洒硫酸来吸收三氧化硫</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>浓硫酸中主要是硫酸分子</li>
<li>$\ce{BaSO4}$可生产白色颜料、高档油漆、油墨、造纸、塑料、橡胶</li>
<li>$\ce{FeSO4・7H2O}$可生产防治缺铁性贫血药剂、净水剂、颜料氧化铁红</li>
<li>少量$\ce{NO}$会促进血管扩张，防止血管栓塞</li>
<li>氨水可做化肥，但氨易挥发，所以常转化为固态铵盐使用</li>
<li><h4 id="硝酸制备"><a href="#硝酸制备" class="headerlink" title="硝酸制备"></a>硝酸制备</h4><ul>
<li>转化器：$\ce{4NH3 + 5O2 \xlongequal{HT,cat}4NO + 6H2O}$</li>
<li>热交换器：$\ce{2NO +O2\xlongequal{}2NO2}$</li>
<li>吸收塔：$\ce{3NO2 + H2O \xlongequal{} 2HNO3 + NO}$</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>稀硝酸可以洗去银镜</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><h4 id="俗称对应表"><a href="#俗称对应表" class="headerlink" title="俗称对应表"></a>俗称对应表</h4></li>
</ul>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>俗称</th>
<th>化学式/化学名/本质</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>纯碱</td>
<td>$\ce{Na2CO3}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>小苏打</td>
<td>$\ce{NaHCO3}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>刚玉</td>
<td>$\alpha$-氧化铝</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>红宝石</td>
<td>含铬的刚玉</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>蓝宝石</td>
<td>含铁钛的刚玉</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>明矾</td>
<td>$\ce{KAl(SO4)2・12H2O}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>绿矾</td>
<td>$\ce{FeSO4・7H2O}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>胆矾/蓝矾</td>
<td>$\ce{CuSO4・5H2O}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>熟石膏</td>
<td>$\ce{2CaSO4・H2O}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(生)石膏</td>
<td>$\ce{CaSO4・2H2O}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>重晶石</td>
<td>$\ce{BaSO4}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>芒硝</td>
<td>$\ce{Na2SO4・10H2O}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>冰晶石</td>
<td>$\ce{Na3AlF6}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>赤铁矿</td>
<td>$\ce{Fe2O3}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>黄铜矿</td>
<td>$\ce{CuFeS2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>孔雀石</td>
<td>$\ce{CuCO3・Cu(OH)2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>金刚砂</td>
<td>$\ce{SiC}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>锆石</td>
<td>$\ce{ZrO2・SiO2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>红柱石</td>
<td>$\ce{Al2O3・SiO2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>钙铝石榴子石</td>
<td>$\ce{3CaO・Al2O3・3SiO2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>镁橄榄石</td>
<td>$\ce{2MgO・SiO2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>水玻璃</td>
<td>硅酸盐的水溶液</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>粘土</td>
<td>主要为铝硅酸盐</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>玛瑙、水晶、沙子、硅藻土、石英</td>
<td>主要为$\ce{SiO2}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>肥田粉/硫铵</td>
<td>$\ce{(NH4)2SO4}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>氯铵</td>
<td>$\ce{NH4Cl}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>碳铵</td>
<td>$\ce{NH4HCO3}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>硝铵</td>
<td>$\ce{NH4NO3}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>硬脂酸</td>
<td>$\ce{C17H35COOH}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>软脂酸</td>
<td>$\ce{C15H31COOH}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>油酸</td>
<td>$\ce{C17H33COOH}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>$\ce{NH4NO3}$</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 id="化学家们的故事"><a href="#化学家们的故事" class="headerlink" title="化学家们的故事"></a>化学家们的故事</h3><ul>
<li>[瑞典] 舍勒 [发现氯气]：混合了浓盐酸和$MnO_2$并加热，发现生成了黄绿色气体$\ce{MnO2 + 4HCl(concentrated)\xlongequal{\Delta}MnCl2 + Cl2 ^ + 2 H2O}$</li>
<li><p>[英国] 戴维 [命名氯元素]：详细研究确定气体为一种元素组成，并命名该元素为氯</p>
</li>
<li><p>[英国] 戴维 [首次制备金属$\ce{Na}$]：$\ce{2NaCl\xlongequal{electrify}Na + Cl2 ^ }$</p>
</li>
<li><p>[德国] 维勒 [尿素] [合成有机的序幕]：蒸发氰酸铵($\ce{NH_4CNO}$)得尿素[$\ce{CO(NH_2)_2}$]，揭开了人工合成有机化合物的序幕</p>
</li>
<li><p>[英国] 道尔顿 [实心球模型]：认为物质由原子组成，原子不能被创造也不能被毁灭，在化学变化中不可再分割</p>
</li>
<li>[英国] 汤姆生 [葡萄干面包模型] [发现电子]：发现原子中存在电子并测出电子的质量不及氢原子的千分之一</li>
<li>[英国] 卢瑟福 [$\alpha$粒子散射] [核式模型]：根据$\alpha$粒子散射实验提出带核的原子结构模型</li>
<li>[丹麦] 玻尔 [轨道模型]：在研究氢原子光谱时引入量子论观点，提出：原子核外电子在一系列稳定的轨道上运动，每一个轨道具有一个确定的能量值，核外电子在这些轨道上运动时不放出能量也不吸收能量</li>
<li><p>[现代] 其他模型 [量子云] [量子力学模型]</p>
</li>
<li><p>[德国] 哈伯、波施 [合成氨]：用氮气和氢气合成了氨，奠定了大规模工业合成化肥的基础：$\ce{N2 + 3H2 &lt;=&gt;[HTHP][cat]2NH3}$</p>
</li>
<li><p>[俄国] 门捷列夫 [元素周期表]：提出元素周期律，预言某些元素</p>
</li>
<li><p>[中国] 中国科学院生物化学研究所、有机化学研究所，北京大学化学系 [结晶牛胰岛素合成]</p>
</li>
<li>[德国] 李比希 [提出基团概念] </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h3><ul>
<li>直链烃在常温下的状态</li>
</ul>
<div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>分子中碳原子数量$x$</th>
<th>状态</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$0\leq x \leq 4$</td>
<td>气态</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$5\leq x \leq 17$</td>
<td>液态</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$18\leq x$</td>
<td>固态</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li>支链越多沸点越低</li>
<li>常温下，卤代烃中除了一氯甲烷$\ce{CH3Cl}$、氯乙烷$\ce{CH3CH2Cl}$、氯乙烯$\ce{CH2=CHCl}$等少数为气体外，其余为液体或固体</li>
<li>除脂肪烃的一氟代物和一氯代物等部分卤代烃以外，液体卤代烃的密度一般比水大</li>
</ul>
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